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***美国标准体系简析***

美国标准体系是目前国际上比较成熟的标准体系之一，呈现较强的行业间融合性和先进技术引导性，并依托行业需求不断更新和提高等特点，使用范围包括美洲的英语国家（美国、巴哈马、圭亚那、牙买加、特立尼达和多巴哥、波多黎各、伯利兹）等，部分西班牙语国家（阿根廷、玻利维亚、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、乌拉圭）则使用美国标准和西班牙标准，此外还包括部分中东地区，例如沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、印度尼西亚、越南、阿联酋。

当前大趋势下，全球标准亦趋于融合，同一地区可同时使用多标准组织制定的标准。例如，在沙特阿拉伯，建筑结构使用欧洲标准，道路桥梁使用美国AASHTO标准，电子信息则采用ITU标准。

相较于欧洲标准体系，我国和美国的标准体系有相似之处，均以行业为基础，但是美国更强调行业自律性，依靠多个行业协会的专业能力和号召力，制定和推广标准，行业间的融合性更强，如ASCE/CI 15-17和AASHTO的《公路桥梁标准规范》保持高度一致，ASCE 7-16则与ACI、AISC、AISI、AWC和TMS的最新标准配合使用；而在我国，各行业标准详细，能够满足行业的工程质量要求，但行业间缺少沟通交流，会出现重复和不一致的情况，因此呈现更明显的行业特征。

***ASCE概述***

美国土木工程师协会（ASCE）建立于1852年，是美国历史最悠久的工程协会，目前拥有逾15万名土木专业会员，遍及全球177个国家。作为全球最大的土木工程出版机构，立足于建筑环境规划、设计、施工和作业及保护和恢复自然环境前沿，涉及领域包括航空、建筑设计、海岸和海洋、建筑工程、能源、工程力学、环境、土工、水力学、基础设施、材料、工程项目管理、建筑设施性能、结构、运输、城市规划、水资源和土木工程领域的计算应用等。

ASCE下设多个专业委员会，每年主办多次学术会议，并与其他相关协会保持密切联系，融合其他国际及美国协会的标准和规范，除期刊、书籍、会议记录和标准外，ASCE也为政府机构提供土木工程方面的技术培训和指导，参与行业法规的制定工作，很多标准是与其他学会共同制定的（如：EWRI - 美国环境与水资源协会、SEI - 美国科学工程学学会）。

目前ASCE共发布有55项标准，由各领域专家编写，经ASCE标准委员会达成共识程序后由ANSI（美国国家标准学会）批准。

ASCE工程实践手册（MOP）：介绍某特定主题的深入技术信息，详细分析所述方法及技术的局限性及应用，所含实用信息可供土木工程师在日常工作中参考。实践手册在ASCE相关部门、委员会或研究所的指导下编制，并由专家组审核和批准，并经相应的执行委员会批准。

下面列出ASCE的55项标准和61项实践手册。

***ASCE标准清单（55项）***

序号	编号	英文名称	中文名称
1	ASCE/SEI 10-15	Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures	网格型钢传输结构设计
2	SEI/ASCE 11-99	Guideline for Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Buildings	已有建筑物结构状态评估导则
3	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 12-13, 13-13, 14-13	Standard Guidelines for the Design, Installation, and Operation and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage	城市地下排水设计、安装及使用和维护导则
4	ASCE/CI 15-17	Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)	使用标准装置的埋地预制混凝土管道设计规范
5	AF&PA/ASCE 16-95	Standard for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Engineered Wood Construction	人造木施工的荷载与抗力系数设计规范
6	ANSI/ASCE 1-82	N-725 Guideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth Structures	核安全设施相关土工构造物的设计和分析导则
7	ASCE 18-96	Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen Transfer Testing	过程中氧传输测试导则
8	ASCE/SEI 19-16	Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings	建筑钢索的结构应用
9	ASCE/EWRI 2-06	Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water	洁净水输氧测量
10	ASCE 20-96	Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile Foundations	桩基设计和安装导则
11	ANSI/ASCE/T&DI 21-13	Automated People Mover Standards	旅客捷运系统标准
12	SEI/ASCE 23-97	Specifications for Structural Steel Beams with Web Openings	腹孔结构钢梁技术要求
13	ASCE/SEI 24-14	Flood Resistant Design and Construction	抗洪设计和施工
14	ANSI/ASCE/SEI 25-16	Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas Shutoff Devices	地震驱动的自动气体关闭设备
15	ASCE 26-97	Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete Box Sections	预制混凝土箱设计规范
16	ASCE/CI 27-17	Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction	非开挖施工顶撑结构中的预制混凝土管设计规范
17	ASCE 28-00	Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless Construction	非开挖施工顶撑结构中的预制混凝土箱设计规范
18	ASCE/SEI/SFPE 29-05	Standard Calculation Methods for Structural Fire Protection	结构防火计算方法
19	ASCE/SEI 30-14	Guideline for Condition Assessment of the Building Envelope	建筑围护结构状态评估导则
20	SEI/ASCE 32-01	Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations	防冻浅地基的设计与施工
21	ASCE/EWRI 33-09	Comprehensive Transboundary Water Quality Management Agreement	综合跨境水质管理协议及管理计划、规范和准则制定导则
22	EWRI/ASCE 34-01	Standard Guidelines for Artificial Recharge of Ground Water	地下水人工补注导则
23	EWRI/ASCE 35-01	Guidelines for Quality Assurance of Installed Fine-Pore Aeration Equipment	小空隙曝气装置质量保证导则
24	ASCE/CI 36-15	Standard Design and Construction Guidelines for Microtunneling	微型隧道设计与施工
25	ASCE/SEI 37-14	Design Loads on Structures during Construction	施工过程中构筑物的设计荷载
26	CI/ASCE 38-02	Standard Guidelines for the Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility Data	已有地下公用设施数据的采集和描述导则
27	ANSI/ASCE 3-91 and 9-91	Standard for the Structural Design of Composite Slabs and Standard Practice for Construction and Inspection of Composite Slabs	组合板结构设计标准及组合板施工和检查规范
28	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 39-15	Guidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Programs	防雹作业方案导则
29	ASCE/EWRI 40-03	Regulated Riparian Model Water Code	河岸监管模型水权法规
30	ASCE/SEI 41-13	Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings	现有建筑抗震评估和翻新
31	ASCE/SEI 41-13 - checklist	Tier 1 Checklists for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings: Fillable Forms for Standard ASCE/SEI 41-13	现有建筑抗震评估 - 一级检查表
32	ASCE/SEI 4-16	Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures	安全相关核结构抗震分析
33	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 42-17	Standard Practice for the Design, Conduct, and Evaluation of Operational Precipitation Enhancement Projects	人工增雨项目作业的设计、实施和评价规范
34	ASCE/SEI 43-05	Seismic Design Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities	核设施内构筑物、系统和组件的抗震设计准则
35	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 44-13	Standard Practice for the Design and Operation of Supercooled Fog Dispersal Projects	过冷却雾疏散项目的设计和运行规范
36	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 45-16, 46-16, 47-16	Standard Guidelines for the Design, Installation, and Operation and Maintenance of Urban Stormwater Systems	城市雨水系统的设计、安装和运行导则
37	ASCE/SEI 48-11	Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures	传输钢杆结构设计
38	ASCE/SEI 49-12	Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures	建筑物和其他构筑物的风洞测试
39	ASCE/EWRI 50-08 and 51-08	Standard Guideline for Fitting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Using Probability Density Function and Standard Guideline for Calculating the Effective Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity	概率密度函数拟合饱和水力传导度导则及有效饱和水力传导度计算导则
40	ASCE/SEI 52-10	Design of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Stacks	玻璃纤维设计 - 强化塑料排水立管
41	ASCE/G-I 53-10	Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide	压密注浆一致性指南
42	ASCE/EWRI 54-10	Standard Guideline for the Geostatistical Estimation and Block-Average of Homogeneous and Isotropic Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity	均匀各向同性饱和水力传导度的地质统计估算和均块计算导则
43	ASCE/SEI 55-16	Tensile Membrane Structures	张力膜结构
44	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 56-10, 57-10	Guidelines for the Physical Security of Water Utilities; Guidelines for the Physical Security of Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities	公用水设施的物理安全导则；污水/雨水公用设施的物理安全导则
45	ASCE/T&DI/ICPI 58-16	Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Pavement for Municipal Streets and Roadways	城市道路连锁混凝土铺筑的结构设计
46	ASCE/SEI 59-11	Blast Protection of Buildings	建筑物防爆
47	ASCE/EWRI 60-12	Guideline for Development of Effective Water Sharing Agreements	有效水资源共享协议的编制导则
48	ASCE/COPRI 61-14	Seismic Design of Piers and Wharves	码头抗震设计
49	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 62-16, 63-16, 64-16	Standard Guidelines for the Design, Installation, and Operation and Maintenance of Stormwater Impoundments	雨水蓄水设施的设计、安装、使用和维护导则
50	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 65-17	Calculation of the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Fine-Grained Soils	细粒土壤的饱和水力传导度计算
51	ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 66-17	Management Practices for Control of Erosion and Sediment from Construction Activities	建筑活动致侵蚀和沉降的控制管理规范
52	ANSI/ASCE/CI 67-17	Schedule Delay Analysis	工期延误分析
53	ASCE/SEI 7-16	Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures	建筑物和其他构筑物的最小设计荷载
54	ASCE 7-16	Tsunami Design Zone Maps for Selected Locations	海啸设计区地图选集
55	SEI/ASCE 8-02	Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members	冷成型不锈钢结构构件设计技术要求

***ASCE实践手册清单（61项）***

序号	编号	英文名称	中文名称
56	ASCE MOP 28	Hydrology Handbook - Second Edition	水文学手册
57	ASCE MOP 45	How to Select and Work Effectively with Consulting Engineers: Getting the Best Project	如何选择咨询工程师并与之高效配合：获得最佳项目
58	ASCE MOP 50	Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors - Third Edition	小型船舶港口规划和设计-第三版
59	ASCE MOP 54	Sedimentation Engineering	泥沙沉积工程
60	ASCE MOP 60	Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction - Second Edition	重力污水管设计与施工 - 第二版
61	ASCE MOP 67	Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures	建筑物和构筑物风洞研究
62	ASCE MOP 71	Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management - Second Edition	农业盐度评估和管理
63	ASCE MOP 73	Quality in the Constructed Project - Third Edition	已建工程质量
64	ASCE MOP 74	Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading - Third Edition	输电线结构荷载导则 - 第三版
65	ASCE MOP 79	Steel Penstocks - Second Edition	压力钢管
66	ASCE MOP 81	Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation - third Edition	云催化增雨导则
67	ASCE MOP 85	Quality of Ground Water	地下水质
68	ASCE MOP 91	Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures	拉线电气传动结构设计
69	ASCE MOP 92	Manhole Inspection and Rehabilitation - Second Edition	人孔检查与修复 - 第二版
70	ASCE MOP 94	Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and Channels	内陆航务：水闸、大坝和航道
71	ASCE MOP 96	Guide to Improved Earthquake Performance of Electric Power Systems	改善电力系统抗地震性能指南
72	ASCE MOP 97	Hydraulic Modeling Concepts and Practice	水工建模概念和实践
73	ASCE MOP 98	Conveyance of Residuals from Water and Wastewater Treatment	水和废水处理中的残留物输送
74	ASCE MOP 99	Environmental Site Characterization and Remediation Design Guideance	现场环境特征及修复设计指南
75	ASCE MOP 100	Groundwater Contamination by Organic Pollutants: Analysis and Remediation	地下水有机污染物污染：分析与修复
76	ASCE MOP 101	Underwater Investigations: Standard Practice Manual	水下勘察实务手册
77	ASCE MOP 102	Design Guide for FRP Composite Connections	FRP组合连接的设计指南
78	ASCE MOP 103	Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great Civil Engineers	如何雇佣并留住优秀的土木工程师
79	ASCE MOP 104	Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products for Overhead Utility Line Structures	架空电线结构用纤维强化聚合物制品的推荐实施规范
80	ASCE MOP 105	Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons	泻湖区动物排泄物围堵
81	ASCE MOP 106	Horizontal Auger Boring Projects	水平螺旋钻孔项目
82	ASCE MOP 107	Ship Channel Design and Operation - Revision of MOP 80	船舶航道设计与运营 - MOP80修订本
83	ASCE MOP 108	Pipeline Design For Installation By Horizontal Directional Drilling	水平定向钻井的管道设计
84	ASCE MOP 110	Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice	泥沙沉积工程：工艺、测量、建模和实践
85	ASCE MOP 111	Reliability Based Design Of Utility Pole Structures	电线杆构筑物的可靠性设计
86	ASCE MOP 112	Pipe Bursting Projects	管爆项目
87	ASCE MOP 113	Substation Structure Design Guide	变电站结构设计指南
88	ASCE MOP 114	Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions A Calculation Methodology	应对火灾的钢结构能设计：计算方法
89	ASCE MOP 115	Pipe Ramming Projects	管夯项目
90	ASCE MOP 116	Navigation Engineering Practice and Ethical Standards	航务工程实践与道德标准
91	ASCE MOP 117	Inspecting Pipeline Installation	管道安装检查
92	ASCE MOP 118	Belowground Pipeline Networks for Utility Cables	公用设施电缆的地下管道网
93	ASCE MOP 119	Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design and Structural Analysis	埋地柔性管：设计与结构分析
94	ASCE MOP 120	Trenchless Renewal of Culverts and Storm Sewers	涵洞和排雨水管道的非开挖更新
95	ASCE MOP 121	Safe Operation and Maintenance of Dry Dock Facilities	干船坞设施的安全运行和维护
96	ASCE MOP 122	Sediment Dynamics upon Dam Removal	拆除大坝后的沉积动力学
97	ASCE MOP 123	Prestressed Concrete Transmission Pole Structures Recommended Practice for Design and Installation	预应力混凝土输电线杆结构设计与安装推荐方法
98	ASCE MOP 124	Inland Navigation Channel Training Works	内陆航道整治工程
99	ASCE MOP 125	Pipelines for Water Conveyance and Drainage	输水排水管道
100	ASCE MOP 126	Curtain Wall Systems A Primer	幕墙系统：入门
101	ASCE MOP 127	Hydraulics of Wells Design, Construction, Testing, and Maintenance of Water Well Systems	井的水力学研究：水井系统设计、施工、测试和维护
102	ASCE MOP 128	Building Security Rating System	构建安全评级系统
103	ASCE MOP 129	Mooring of Ships to Piers and Wharves	码头系泊
104	ASCE MOP 130	Waterfront Facilities Inspection and Assessment	岸边设施检查和评估
105	ASCE MOP 131	Canal Automation for Irrigation Systems	灌溉系统自动化水渠
106	ASCE MOP 133	Pilot Tube and Other Guided Boring Methods	导管法及其他导向钻孔法
107	ASCE MOP 134	Water Pipeline Condition Assessment	水管状态评估
108	ASCE MOP 70	Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, and Irrigation Water Requirements	蒸发、蒸散和灌溉用水要求
109	ASCE MOP 132	Renewal of Potable Water Pipes	饮用水管更换
110	ASCE MOP 95	Urban Subsurface Drainage	城市地下排水
111	ASCE MOP 90	Guide to Structural Optimization	结构优化指南
112	ASCE MOP 84	Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures	木结构机械连接
113	ASCE MOP 78	Structural Fire Protection	结构防火
114	ASCE MOP 57	Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems	灌溉排水系统的管理、运营和维护
115	ASCE MOP 49	Urban Planning Guide	城市规划指南
116	ASCE MOP 66	Structural Plastics Selection Manual	结构用塑料材料选择手册

本数据中心依托多年标准服务经验并结合国际标准体系和项目实际，对相关国家的技术标准体系及其应用不断深入研究，并持续与行业同仁分享，致力于为行业勉尽薄力。

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